CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN ARTIFICIAL BLOOD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58407/bht.1.25.5Keywords:
artificial blood, blood substitutes, clinical applications, haemoglobin carriers, oxygen therapeutic agents, perfluorocarbons, hemoglobin-based oxygen carriersAbstract
Purpose: The aim of this study is to present the current state of research on artificial blood, its potential clinical applications and future directions for development. The shortage of blood in blood banks and the increasing demand for transfusions is a major challenge for modern medicine. As a result, scientists worldwide are working to develop effective blood substitutes that could act as oxygen carriers in the body and reduce dependence on traditional donors. This study discusses various strategies for synthesising artificial blood, taking into account advances in biotechnology, biomedical engineering and nanotechnology. Particular emphasis is placed on research into haemoglobin carriers and synthetic erythrocytes.
Materials and methods. To obtain reliable and comprehensive information on the development of blood substitutes, a review of the available scientific literature was conducted, including databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Sources analysed included scientific articles, clinical trial reports, systematic reviews and reports on the latest technologies in biomedical engineering. The study discusses different types of red blood cell substitutes, focusing on haemoglobin isolated from different sources (e.g. recombinant haemoglobin, invertebrate haemoglobin), synthetic microparticles that mimic erythrocytes, and modern oxygen carriers. Special attention has been given to the results of clinical trials that provide information on the safety, efficacy and potential limitations of these solutions.
Scientific novelty. This article makes a significant contribution to the knowledge of artificial blood by providing a comprehensive overview of its potential and the challenges associated with its clinical application. Key issues such as the efficacy of blood substitutes compared to natural human blood, their bioavailability, stability and potential side effects are highlighted. It also looks at production costs and the acceptance of such products by the medical community and patients. The study also highlights the need for further research and the development of innovative technologies that could improve the availability and safety of artificial blood. Potential future research directions are discussed, including the use of nanotechnology, bioengineering and biomaterials to develop more efficient and safer blood substitutes.
Conclusions. The development of artificial red blood cell substitutes could be a breakthrough in emergency medicine and in situations where traditional transfusions are impossible or difficult to perform (e.g., in combat situations, natural disasters, or locations with limited blood supply). Despite years of research and technological advances, many blood substitutes face challenges related to limited stability, potential toxicity and the ability to effectively transport oxygen. Existing products that have undergone clinical trials show promising properties, but are still far from fully replacing natural blood. Research suggests that further work to improve artificial blood should focus on improving safety, extending shelf life and optimising production costs. The outlook in this field is promising, and future advances could revolutionise the treatment of patients requiring blood transfusions and contribute to improved access to healthcare worldwide.
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