Biota. Human. Technology

ASSESSMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF SCAT ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING RED FOX DIET

2025-10-29T19:38:52+02:00

Purpose of the work. The aim of the study was to develop a standardized and reproducible method for scat analysis to obtain comparable results on species’ feeding habits.

Methodology. Fresh red fox scats (less than 24 hours old) were collected, georeferenced by GPS, dried, and disinfected in alcohol. Sample size was calculated using power analysis. Diet composition was analyzed micro- and macroscopically after washing and sieving (2 mm and 1 mm). Food remnants were identified under a microscope, and diet proportions were calculated as percentages of total fragments. The reliability of volumetric estimations was tested by comparing estimated and measured volumes of nine food categories. Inter- and intraobserver reliability were assessed by regression analysis. The independence of samples was verified through similarity index analysis based on distances between sampling points.

Scientific novelty. A standardized and statistically validated methodology for red fox scat analysis was developed. The improved volumetric method allows the application of two-way multivariate ANOVA, minimizing required sample size and ensuring reproducible results. The study defined the minimal distance between independent samples, the optimal number of scats and food remains to be analyzed, and demonstrated high intra- and interobserver reliability. The method enables accurate, comparable estimation of diet composition and temporal or spatial differences in feeding habits.

Conclusions. The study provides a reliable method for analyzing red fox scats to estimate diet composition. The improved volumetric approach allows the use of two-way multivariate ANOVA with fewer samples. Ensuring sample independence and sufficient numbers is important. Intra- and interobserver consistency was high. Collecting at least seven independent samples per site, spaced by 40 m and repeated three times, and analyzing enough food remains provides accurate and comparable results. This method can help monitor feeding habits in mammals for conservation purposes.

SYNTHESIS AND PURIFICATION OF POLYMYXIN B SULFATE: TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND MODERN APPROACHES

2025-09-25T08:15:17+03:00

Purpose of the work. The purpose of the study is to summarize modern approaches to the synthesis and purification of polymyxin B sulfate, taking into account biotechnological, chromatographic, and membrane methods, as well as to determine the optimal technological solutions for increasing the yield, isomeric purity, and pharmaceutical stability of the drug. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of non-ribosomal biosynthesis processes, fermentation parameters, and a multi-stage polymyxin purification system.

Methodology. The work uses methods of analysis, synthesis, and systematization of scientific sources describing industrial processes for the production of polypeptide antibiotics. Patent and regulatory materials on the biosynthesis, purification, and quality control of polymyxin B were studied. A comparison of adsorption, ion exchange, gel filtration, and high-efficiency liquid chromatography purification technologies was carried out, and the possibilities of integrating membrane processes (ultra- and nanofiltration) to improve product purity and remove endotoxins were analyzed.

Scientific novelty. The work summarizes modern approaches to genetic optimization of Paenibacillus polymyxa strains, the influence of fed-batch fermentation modes, and the use of precursors to increase the active isomers B1 and B2. A cascade purification scheme is proposed, combining membrane, sorption, and RP-HPLC stages, ensuring the achievement of pharmacopoeial purity.

Conclusions. Effective production of polymyxin B sulfate requires a combination of biotechnological and physicochemical methods. Genetic improvement of P. polymyxa strains, optimization of fermentation parameters, and the use of membrane technologies contribute to increased product yield and purity. Further research aimed at reducing toxicity and improving purification processes opens up prospects for the creation of new safe therapeutic forms of the antibiotic.

COMPREHENSIVE QUALIMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF WHIPPED CREAM CANDIES ENRICHED WITH CHIA SEEDS

2025-08-09T09:55:58+03:00

The modern food industry is aimed at meeting the growing needs of consumers for high standards of quality, safety and biological value of products. In this context, confectionery products with improved chemical composition attract particular attention. In particular whipped cream candies enriched with natural ingredients of plant origin. A promising functional component for this type of product is chia seeds. In previous studies, the technology of whipped cream candies with the addition of whole and crushed chia seeds was developed. Whole seeds were introduced at the stage of obtaining the semi-finished product "whipped protein mass" in an amount of 50 % of the mass of dry egg albumin. Crushed - at the stage of preparing the semi-finished product "milk-fat mixture" in an amount of 50 % of the mass of fat. To scientifically substantiate and confirm the feasibility of introducing the improved technology into production practice, it is necessary to highlight its advantages. This can be realized by conducting a comprehensive assessment of its quality. One of the most recognized and methodologically sound approaches to conducting such an assessment is the qualimetric method.

Purpose of the work. Is to carry out a comprehensive quality assessment of whipped cream candies with chia seeds using the principles of qualimetry in order to determine their advantages over traditional products.

Methodology. Тhe expert method of organoleptic analysis and qualimetric analysis techniques were applied to calculate integrated quality indicators.

Scientific novelty. For the first time, a "property tree" of whipped cream candies was developed and, using the principles of qualimetry, the feasibility of using chia seeds to improve their overall quality was substantiated.

Conclusions. Group and overall integrated quality indicators of whipped cream candies with and without chia seeds were determined. They took into account organoleptic, physicochemical properties, chemical composition and changes in quality during storage. It was found that samples with chia exceed the control ones by a complex indicator by 35.7 and 38.6% depending on the type of gelling agent. This indicates the effectiveness of their use. The proposed methodology is advisable to apply in further research for the quality assessment of aerated confectionery products enriched with functional raw materials.

FUNCTIONAL POTENTIAL OF SECONDARY TOMATO RAW MATERIALS: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANTIOXIDANT DRESSING FOR HEALTHY NUTRITION

2025-10-14T05:51:40+03:00

In the current context of rising concern for food security, sustainable development and the minimisation of food waste, the effective utilisation of by‑products from the agro‑industrial sector is of particular importance. The paper provides a detailed characterisation of the functional ingredients present in tomato‑processing waste and proposes the development of a functional salad dressing based on tomato and olive oils with high levels of antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Aim of the study. The aim of this work was to develop a functional salad dressing based on tomato and olive oils with high antioxidant and polyunsaturated fatty‑acid content, capable of improving the nutritional value of the product and supporting consumer health.

Methodology. Calculations and data processing in Microsoft Excel were employed to assess the composition of ingredients and the antioxidant activity of the product.

Scientific novelty. For the first time, recipes for dressings with the addition of cold‑pressed tomato oil, oregano and turmeric are proposed. These ingredients provide enhanced antioxidant activity and broaden the spectrum of bioactive components (lycopene, tocopherols, quercetin, rutin and other flavonoids). The dressing is characterised by a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (> 80 %), optimal stability during storage and an elevated ω‑6/ω‑3 ratio, which makes it an innovative functional food product.

Conclusions. The paper presents the development of a functional sauce‑dressing based on cold‑pressed tomato oil, which exhibits marked antioxidant properties and contains no artificial preservatives. The resulting product contains significant amounts of natural antioxidants (lycopene, tocopherols and vitamin C), unsaturated fatty acids (omega‑6 and omega‑9), as well as vitamins and minerals important for maintaining the cardiovascular, immune and antioxidant systems. It has been established that this sauce‑dressing is a promising functional product for inclusion in a rational daily diet.

OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES IN MEAT PROCESSING BASED ON MATHEMATICAL MODELS

2025-11-16T19:43:39+02:00

Purpose of the work. The aim of the study is to develop comprehensive mathematical models for the formalization and optimization of production processes in meat processing enterprises.

Methodology. The methodology is based on an integrated approach that includes linear and nonlinear programming for production planning using matrix forms, simulation modeling of material and product flows based on discrete-event systems and queuing models, the theory of mass service for logistics with corresponding analytical formulas and approximations, as well as modeling of structural–mechanical properties of meat products.

Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the integration of diverse mathematical tools for modeling specific meat-processing operations, which makes it possible not only to identify production constraints but also to propose adaptive optimization strategies under uncertainty. The proposed framework takes into account nonlinear effects of equipment overload and variability of service time, which have been insufficiently studied in food industry research. The novelty also lies in the practical implementation of queuing theory for evaluating congestion in cold storage systems and conveyor lines, as well as the application of routing and flow-balancing algorithms for automated transport systems, which demonstrate higher performance compared to conventional methods.

Conclusions. The results show that production processes in the meat-processing industry constitute a multilevel system with key stages such as raw material storage, technological processing, and packaging, where bottlenecks include limited refrigeration capacity, low mechanical processing productivity, and inefficient internal logistics. Mathematical models formalize these processes: linear programming optimizes resource allocation, simulation modeling assesses queues, and queuing theory provides quantitative parameters for logistics system design. Practical examples demonstrate reductions in waiting time and improved flow balance, which enhance throughput and overall production efficiency.

BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF AFLATOXIN B1 ON THE LEVEL OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN CURP TISSUES

2025-09-07T06:49:32+03:00

Purpose of the work. The aim of this study was to provide a biochemical assessment of the influence of aflatoxin B1 on nucleic acid levels in tissues of the crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.), including determination of DNA and RNA content, their ratio (RNA/DNA), and the activity of the enzymes DNase and RNase.

Methodology. The experiment was carried out on two-year-old crucian carp weighing 250–350 g under controlled aquarium conditions. Fish were divided into three groups: control and two experimental groups exposed to aflatoxin B1 at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L, respectively. The exposure lasted for 14 days. Liver, muscle, gill, and brain tissues were collected for analysis. DNA and RNA contents were determined spectrophotometrically; nuclease activity was assessed by measuring nucleic acid degradation in soluble fractions. Statistical evaluation was performed using variation statistics and Student’s t-test.

Scientific novelty. It was found that aflatoxin B1 exerts a dose-dependent effect on nucleic acid homeostasis in fish tissues. Even at the lower concentration (0.5 mg/L), significant decreases in RNA content and RNA/DNA ratio were recorded, indicating suppressed protein-synthetic activity of cells. At 1.0 mg/L, RNA levels decreased by 25–35 % compared to the control, while the RNA/DNA ratio dropped to 0.52–0.71. Simultaneously, a significant increase in DNase and RNase activities was observed, reflecting enhanced nucleic acid degradation.

Conclusions. Aflatoxin B1 acts as a strong stress factor for aquatic organisms, inducing destructive changes in nucleic acid structure, suppressing protein synthesis, and activating nuclease activity. These results highlight the potential use of DNA, RNA, their ratio, and nuclease activity as sensitive biomarkers of toxic load in aquaculture.

INTENSITY OF LIPID PEROXIDATION PROCESSES IN CURB TISSUES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MYCOTOXIN T2

2025-09-06T05:58:09+03:00

Purpose of the work. The study aimed to investigate the intensity of lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes in common carp (Carassius carassius) tissues under the influence of T-2 mycotoxin, one of the most toxic trichothecenes frequently found in fish feed.

Methodology. The 14-day experiment was conducted on two-year-old common carp weighing 200–300 g. Fish were divided into two groups: control and experimental, maintained under standard aquaculture conditions. The experimental group was exposed to T2 toxin at a concentration of 2.0 μg/L. At the end of the trial, liver, gill, brain, and skeletal muscle samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugates (DC), while antioxidant defense was evaluated through superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GP) activities. Data were processed statistically using one-way ANOVA and Student’s t-test.

Scientific novelty. Exposure to T-2 toxin induced a significant activation of antioxidant enzymes, particularly in the liver, where SOD, CAT, and GP activities increased 1.5–1.7-fold (p<0.05). In gills, a notable increase in SOD and GP activity was observed, while in brain and skeletal muscles only a tendency to growth without statistical significance was recorded. Additionally, T-2 toxin exposure led to an accumulation of lipid peroxidation products: MDA levels rose by 70 % in liver and 47 % in gills, while DC increased by 45 % and 33 % respectively (p<0.05). These findings highlight the development of oxidative stress and organ-specific responses to toxin exposure.

Conclusions. T-2 toxin at 2.0 μg/L triggers enhanced lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense activity in common carp, with the most pronounced alterations in the liver and gills. The organ-specific character of these changes underlines the sensitivity of biochemical markers of oxidative stress as indicators of toxic load in aquatic organisms. The results have practical importance for ecotoxicology and aquaculture, providing a basis for environmental monitoring, feed safety assessment, and preventive measures against mycotoxicosis in freshwater ecosystems.

XENOBIOTICS AND SECONDARY METABOLITES OF MICROMYCETES AS FACTORS OF CHANGES IN THE LIPID PROFILE AND LIPID PEROXIDATION OF FISH TISSUES

2025-08-26T08:12:28+03:00

Purpose of the work. The purpose of this work is to systematize and summarize current scientific knowledge on the effects of xenobiotics and secondary metabolites of micromycetes on the lipid profile and the intensity of lipid peroxidation in fish tissues. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the mechanisms of toxic action of these factors, their impact on biochemical processes, as well as possible approaches to reducing the negative effect in freshwater ecosystems.

Methodology. The review is based on a comprehensive analysis of publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals, monographs, and conference proceedings over the past two decades. Methods of comparative analysis, synthesis, and critical evaluation of research results in ichthyology, hydrobiology, and ecotoxicology were applied. Particular attention was given to studies examining lipid composition, lipid peroxidation indicators, and the mechanisms of toxic action of xenobiotics and secondary metabolites of micromycetes on aquatic organisms.

Scientific novelty. This work is the first to compile and systematize data in a single review format on the relationship between the accumulation of xenobiotics and secondary metabolites of micromycetes and changes in the lipid profile and lipid peroxidation processes in fish tissues. Current concepts of biochemical markers of toxic effects are summarized, and a comparative analysis of results obtained in different regions of the world is provided.

Conclusions. An analysis of the literature indicates that xenobiotics and secondary metabolites of micromycetes are among the key factors capable of inducing profound disturbances in the structural and functional state of fish cell membranes, altering their lipid composition, permeability, and ability to maintain homeostasis. The impact of these compounds is accompanied by the activation of lipid peroxidation processes, leading to the accumulation of toxic peroxidation products, a reduction in the organism’s adaptive potential, and deterioration of physiological functions. The summarized data suggest that the toxic effect may occur both directly (through direct interaction with cellular structures) and indirectly (through disruption of antioxidant systems and metabolic balance). The identified patterns provide a basis for scientifically grounded approaches to monitoring the state of aquatic ecosystems, including the use of biochemical damage markers, and for developing comprehensive preventive measures aimed at reducing the negative impact of toxic factors on aquatic organisms. Promising directions for future research include an in-depth analysis of species-specific differences in fish sensitivity to xenobiotics and mycotoxins, the search for effective bioremediation technologies, and the implementation of integrated environmental programs to ensure the sustainable functioning of fishery water bodies.

COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF MUSCLE TISSUES OF FISH AND MAMMALS CONTAMINATED WITH AFLATOXIN B1, USING AN INDICATOR CULTURE TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS

2025-08-24T06:28:59+03:00

Purpose of the work. The study is aimed at comparing the degree of toxicity of muscle tissues of fish and mammals artificially contaminated with aflatoxin B1, using the culture of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis as a bioindicator and determining the toxicological features of fish muscle tissue and the need to adjust the standards for the maximum permissible level (MRL) of aflatoxin in fish products.

Methodology. The experiment used samples of homogenized fish and pork muscles, into which aflatoxin B1 was added in concentrations corresponding to 1 and 2 MRLs for meat. A 3–5-day culture of the ciliate T. pyriformis was used as a test object, which was incubated for 48 hours. Toxicity was assessed by morphological and physiological indicators of test organisms (number of cells, presence of cells in a state of division, mobility and nature of movements, degree of deformation). Control samples included toxin-free muscles and saline.

Scientific novelty. For the first time, a direct comparison of the toxicity of muscle tissue of fish and warm-blooded animals contaminated with aflatoxin B1 was carried out on an indicator culture of ciliates. It was found that at a two-fold excess of the MDR, fish muscles do not demonstrate the moderate toxicity observed in pork samples. This may indicate differences in metabolic stability and binding of aflatoxin by proteins of different amino acid composition.

Conclusions. The results of the study showed that the muscles of warm-blooded animals at a two-fold excess of the MDR of aflatoxin B1 are potentially dangerous in terms of chronic poisoning, while similar indicators in fish tissues do not show such toxicity. This allows us to assume that the maximum permissible level of aflatoxin B1 in fish products may be higher than in mammalian meat. The data obtained highlight the need for further research on the regulation of mycotoxin content in fish products and their impact on the safety of the food chain. The outcomes of the research highlight the importance of re-evaluating existing food safety regulations with regard to mycotoxins in aquatic organisms. Considering the widespread role of fish in global nutrition, establishing scientifically justified permissible levels of aflatoxin B1 in fish products is crucial for ensuring both consumer safety and the rational use of food resources. Ultimately, such studies contribute to the broader understanding of food chain toxicology and help mitigate potential public health risks associated with hidden mycotoxin contamination. The differences in toxicity between fish and mammals indicate species-specific features of the interaction of aflatoxin B1 with muscle proteins, which is likely due to different amino acid composition and metabolic processes. Based on the results, it can be assumed that the current standards for the maximum permissible level of aflatoxin B1 for fish products are overly conservative if they are directly aligned with the standards for meat of warm-blooded animals.

PECULIARITIES OF LIPID METABOLISM DISRUPTION IN COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO L.) EXPOSED TO TOXICANTS OF DIFFERENT CHEMICAL NATURE

2025-10-22T15:44:22+03:00

Modern anthropogenic pressure on aquatic ecosystems leads to increased concentrations of xenobiotics in water bodies, posing a serious ecological threat to aquatic organisms. Phosphate-containing compounds, surfactants, and heavy metals pose a particular danger, as they can interact with each other and enhance the toxic effect. Under these conditions, studying the impact of xenobiotics on biochemical processes in aquatic organisms, particularly on fish lipid metabolism, is highly relevant. Such research provides a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of hydrobiote adaptation to toxic stress and allows for the assessment of the ecological status of water bodies.

Purpose of the work. To elucidate the effects of individual (phosphates, phosphonates, sodium lauryl sulfate) and combined (phosphates and heavy metal salts) xenobiotics on biochemical parameters of the blood and tissues of the scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio) in order to determine the mechanisms of lipid-metabolism disruption under toxic load.

Methodology. The experimental studies were conducted at the Laboratory of Ecological Biochemistry of the T. H. Shevchenko National University “Chernihiv Colehium”. The object of the study was the scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio) weighing 250–300 g. The effects of the following toxicants were assessed: phosphates (7.0 mg/dm³ and 17.5 mg/dm³ corresponding to 2 and 5 MPC), phosphonates (2.28 mg/dm³ and 5.70 mg/dm³ corresponding to 2 and 5 MPC), sodium lauryl sulfate (0.02 mg/dm³ – 2 MPC), and salts of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺ (2.0 mg/dm³, 0.002 mg/dm³, and 0.02 mg/dm³ respectively, corresponding to 2 MPC). The temperature was maintained at +8…+10 °C to mimic natural conditions. The duration of the experiment was 14 days. Changes in biochemical parameters were determined in the blood, muscles, gills, liver, and brain, including the quantitative content of total lipids, phospholipids, and lipase activity. All results were processed statistically.

Scientific novelty. For the first time, tissue-specific features of lipid metabolism alterations in scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio) under the influence of phosphates, phosphonates, and sodium lauryl sulfate, as well as under the combined action of phosphates and heavy metal salts, were established.

Conclusions. It was established that the studied xenobiotics cause significant alterations in lipid metabolism in the tissues of the scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio), manifested by an increase in lipid concentration in the blood and a decrease in peripheral organs. Phosphates were found to have the most toxic effect, leading to lipid homeostasis disruption, whereas phosphonates and sodium lauryl sulfate exerted milder but systemic effects. The combined action of phosphates with heavy metal salts (particularly Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺) produced a synergistic effect, resulting in a reduction of phospholipid content and inhibition of lipase activity. The gills, liver, and brain were found to be the most sensitive to toxic exposure, indicating the high reactivity of these tissues and the key role of the liver and gills in detoxification processes. The obtained results may be useful for ecotoxicological assessment of aquatic ecosystems contaminated with toxicants.

ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN LEAVES OF ULMUS PUMILA L. NEAR RAILWAY TRACKS

2025-09-28T19:34:33+03:00

Purpose of the work. The study is aimed at determining the content of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb) in the leaves of Ulmus pumila L. and in the soil sampled directly at the sites of this species’ growth, at different distances from railway tracks on the southeastern outskirts of Chernihiv. The main focus was placed on the comparative analysis of concentrations between the studied plots and the control in order to assess the potential of U. pumila as a bioindicator of technogenic pollution in areas exposed to intensive anthropogenic pressure.

Methodology. Leaves of U. pumila were collected at distances of 2, 10, and 70 m from railway tracks and at a control site. Soil samples were taken directly from the places of growth of the studied species. The collected samples were cleaned from dust, dried, ashed, and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, which ensured the acquisition of reliable and accurate quantitative data. To increase the reliability of the results, measurements were performed in tenfold replication, compared with control values, and translocation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the ability of the plant to transfer metals from the soil to the aboveground organs, namely the leaves.

Scientific novelty. A comprehensive assessment of the content of Cu, Cd and Pb in the leaves of U. pumila and the soil of the southeastern outskirts of Chernihiv, near the railway tracks, was carried out, with the determination of the translocation coefficients of these elements. The ability of U. pumila to effectively accumulate Pb from the soil and atmosphere was established, which expands the understanding of its bioindicative properties and confirms the feasibility of using this species as an indicator of technogenic pollution.

Conclusions. The concentrations of Cu, Cd and Pb in the leaves of U. pumila exceed the control values, the highest values are recorded at distances of 2–10 m from the railway tracks. The most mobile was Pb, for which the value of the translocation coefficient exceeds 1, which indicates its active entry into the leaves. The results obtained confirm the possibility of using U. pumila as a phytoindicator for monitoring the level of heavy metal pollution in the area affected by railway transport.

THE STRUCTURE OF VEGETATIVE AND GENERATIVE SHOOTS OF DRACAENA AETHIOPICA THUNB., BYNG & CHRISTENH. (ASPARAGACEAE JUSS.)

2025-09-30T12:04:54+03:00

Purpose of the work. To investigate the structural features of the shoot system and the elementary shoot of Dracaena aethiopica Thunb., Byng & Christenh. (syn. Sansevieria aethiopica Thunb. (Asparagaceae Juss.).

Methodology. The study was based on plants from the greenhouse collection of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, NAS of Ukraine. Vegetative and generative organs were examined by dissecting buds and shoots using a binocular magnifier MBS-1 and a stereomicroscope STEMI-2000 (Carl Zeiss, Germany) with a Canon PowerShot G5 camera. Leaf series were analysed for size, arrangement, number, and morphological traits. Bud structure and the number of leaf primordia were studied under the binocular magnifier. Data were processed in Excel with histograms built using built-in tools; graphical reconstructions were prepared in CorelDraw. For descriptions of morphostructure, generally accepted terminology.

Scientific novelty. The shoot system of D. aethiopica consists of renewal shoots with anisotropic growth: initially diageotropic (plagiotropic), then clinoapogeotropic (turning zone), and finally orthoapogeotropic (orthotropic vegetative and generative). Branching is mainly mesotonic, localized in the turning zone. Higher-order shoots arise from buds in shortened internodes of the second heterotropic part, usually 1–2 (rarely 3). The shoot life cycle lasts 4–5 years or longer, ending in the generative phase, indicating polycyclic shoots. The plagiotropic zone consists of metamers with cataphylls, dormant buds, and roots, occasionally producing higher – order shoots. The orthotropic zone forms transitional and assimilating leaves with dormant buds. The generative zone develops from the apical meristem of a vegetative shoot and consists of the main inflorescence axis and paracladia, forming a frondulose - bracteose, unbranched, open thyrse with helicoid cymes as partial inflorescences.

Conclusions. D. aethiopica has a vegetative-generative elementary shoot, where the apical meristem enters the floral stage and produces a thyrse with helicoid cymes. Three structural zones are distinguished − plagiotropic, heterotropic, and orthotropic − each showing variability in leaf shape, size, and internode length.

THE MOST COMMON SPECIES OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE CHERNIHIV CITY URBAN FLORA

2025-10-12T08:12:52+03:00

Purpose of the work. The aim of the work is to identify the most common invasive plant species in the urban flora of the Chernihiv city. The study is aimed at identifying the most common invasive species, establishing the degree of naturalization, as well as the environmental risks associated with their presence within the urban environment.

Methodology. The basis of the study was the analysis of sources of information on invasive plant species in the urban flora of the Chernihiv city. In particular, an analysis of scientific publications devoted to the problem of invasive plant species in the Chernihiv city was conducted. The main criterion for determining the degree of prevalence of an invasive species in the city of Chernihiv was high adaptability to various environments. The results of the analytical review are supported by the authors' field research.

Scientific novelty. For the first time, a review of the most common invasive plant species in the urban flora of the Chernihiv city was carried out based on a generalization of scientific sources of information and author's observations. As part of the study, the invasive species list of the city was formed, specifying their biogeographical origin, main routes of penetration and typical growth environments. Of particular value is the identification of such environmental threats associated with the spread of these species, which allows us to consider the results of the work as a basis for further field research, environmental monitoring and decision-making in the field of urban greening, biosafety and protection of urban ecosystems.

Conclusions. The Chernihiv’s flora includes 18 of the most common species of invasive vascular plants, mainly of North American origin. The most widespread and ecologically active are Acer negundo, Robinia pseudoacacia, Solidago canadensis, and Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Field observations confirm their active settlement in urbanized and semi-natural biotopes. The species form dense coenoses, which causes the displacement of aboriginal components of the flora and a decrease in biodiversity. It is necessary to conduct constant monitoring and develop measures to control the most aggressive invasive taxa within the city.

PORTULACA SOCOTRANA (PORTULACACEAE) IN THE FLORA OF UKRAINE

2025-10-22T16:05:01+03:00

Purpose of the work. To clarify the place of Portulaca socotrana in the P. oleracea complex based on macro- and micromorphological research and to generalize its current distribution in Ukraine.

Methodology. The object of the study is P. oleracea aggr. and its intraspecific taxa. Samples from almost 450 localities of P. oleracea were studied, the materials for which were presented from the herbarium collections of Ukraine (KW, CHER, CHU, YALT, UU, LWKS) and in field collections obtained from the territories of individual regions of Ukraine. Taxa were determined based on macro- and micromorphological characteristics of seeds using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). To determine the diameter of seeds, the length of the polar and equatorial axes was measured using the AxioVision Rel.4.8 program for each seed fixed on the SEM stage.

Scientific novelty. For the first time, information on the distribution of P. socotrana in Ukraine, one of the taxa of the analyzed complex, has been summarized, 13 of its localities from Zhytomyr, Poltava, Rivne, Chernihiv regions and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea have been recorded. New locations of P. socotrana growth discovered in Ukraine indicate the expansion of its secondary range.

Conclusions. The distribution of P. socotrana in Ukraine is characterized by the sporadic nature and remoteness of the localities of the studied taxon both from the main center of origin (North-East Africa) and from localities to each other on the territory of Ukraine, which corresponds to its wide ecological amplitude. The entry of P. socotrana into the country has been observed only in recent years, which indicates its recent introduction and almost simultaneous distribution in different regions of Ukraine. In the near future, new spontaneous growth sites of plants of this taxon may appear in the regions of Ukraine, therefore, recording new localities and monitoring its further distribution and establishing its participation in various biotopes is an urgent task for further research.

RESTORATION OF VEGETATION COVER DAMAGED OF MILITARY ACTIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF ZALISSIA NATIONAL NATURE PARK

2025-10-22T16:40:17+03:00

Purpose of the work. To determine the features of the spontaneous restoration of vegetation cover damaged as a result of military actions on the territory of the Zalissia National Nature Park.

Methodology. The work is based on the authors' original research results, conducted by route method on the territory of the Zalissia National Nature Park, and with subsequent office processing of the material, from 2023 to 2025. The species belonging to the apophytic and alien fractions of the analyzed flora are distinguished according to the approaches by Rikli and Thelung, based on which several classification schemes have been developed. The most widely used of these is the scheme by Kornaś (1968). The indices of synanthropization, apophytization, and anthropophytization were calculated according to Jackowiak (1990). To assess the similarity of the species composition of vegetation cover in disturbed areas with that of undisturbed sites, we applied the concept of the twin-plots method (Bazalová et al., 2018), adapted to the specific conditions of our study. The names of species, their authors, and scope for vascular plants are given according to POWO (https://powo.science.kew.org/), with few exceptions corresponding to Mosyakin & Fedoronchuk (1999). The names of bryophytes are given according to Prodromus of sporen plants of Ukraine (Virchenko & Nyporko, 2022).

Scientific novelty. The species composition (161 taxa of vascular plants and 22 bryophyte species) of the shell craters has been established, and the features of restoring the vegetation cover damaged as a result of military actions on the territory of the Zalissia National Nature Park have been clarified. Phytocoenotic relationships of species of all flora fractions are quite diverse. Most of them have a wide ecological amplitude, but all species are part of various forest communities represented in the Zalissia territory. The main resource for restoring the vegetation cover of damaged areas is the diasporas of the species of the NPP flora, which are mostly present near the shell craters, as established by the results of comparing the species composition of damaged and control plots. The quantitative species composition of the newly formed communities is increasing, which indicates a positive overgrowth dynamics. Qualitative changes in the species composition of these communities are mainly provided by autochthonous species from the natural flora of the NPP, the number of which is increasing. The significant participation of ruderal (among which there are many apophytes) and meadow species associated with more or less humid habitats in the overgrowth of shell craters is generally due to the significant synanthropization of the vegetation cover of the NPP territory.

Conclusions. Over three years of monitoring, the species composition in the studied areas increased by 35%. At the same time, quantitative growth occurred in all fractions of the flora, and the composition of bryophytes also increased, which indicates a positive dynamic of overgrowth. Qualitative changes in the species composition of these communities are mainly provided by autochthonous species from the composition of the natural flora of the National Nature Park, the number of which is increasing. In the newly formed vegetation cover of the damaged areas, the gradual appearance of tree seedlings of both alien and aboriginal species is observed, which indicates both a positive dynamics of overgrowth of the shell craters and the preservation of the forest character of the flora and vegetation of the park. In general, the species diversity and the speed of restoration of the vegetation cover of the shell craters depend on the area and volume of damage, the type of biotopes, the ruderalization of the surrounding areas, the presence of repeated disturbance, and anthropogenic load. The smaller the volume of damage, the faster the restoration of the vegetation cover. Accordingly, the more extensive the damage, especially in pine forests with poor species diversity, the more difficult and longer it will take to restore their vegetation cover.

STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA L. POPULATIONS WITHIN THE LEFT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

2025-10-26T21:03:32+02:00

Purpose of the work. To conduct a comprehensive study of the structure and dynamics of Ambrosia artemisiifolia populations, along with the influence of various climatic indicators on their condition and resource capacity.

Methodology. The study is based on original data collected during field observations from 2011 to 2024. The research focused on Ambrosia artemisiifolia populations concentrated in the village of Lelyukhivka, in the Poltava region. Within the study area, we established 15 plots, each measuring 1 × 1 meters. Population studies were conducted using the Zlobin method. Through these accounting methods, we determined the density of the raw material stock for the studied species.

Scientific novelty. We previously conducted a study to determine the structural types of Ambrosia artemisiifolia populations within the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. We analyzed the effects of certain climatic indicators on the structure and resource capacity.

Conclusions. The considered population field of Ambrosia artemisiifolia shows clear signs of a thriving invasive community, which is actively expanding its area and increasing its density. High phenotypic polymorphism, variability of spatial distribution and significant ecological plasticity ensure its stability and effective competition. Over the past 14 years, the population field has increased approximately nine times, which indicates successful naturalization and ecological consolidation of the species in the local environment. Despite local depressed areas, the general state of the population is balanced and thriving. Further warming may cause spread, full re-fruiting, ripening and further dispersal of seeds. These results emphasize the need for monitoring and control measures, since A. artemisiifolia is an ecologically dangerous invasive species and poses risks to both biodiversity and public health (allergenicity).

DETERMINATION OF THE REPAIR PROPERTIES OF TAMAN OIL IN A MODEL OF FULL-LAYER STENCIL WOUNDS IN RATS

2025-09-17T08:19:01+03:00

Purpose of the work. To investigate the effect of tamanu oil on the intensity of reparative processes in the skin after its mechanical damage, to analyze the speed of skin epithelialization processes in an in vivo model experiment under the conditions of tamanu oil exposure compared to the control and under the conditions of Bepanthen exposure.

Methodology. The modeling method was used (in vivo models of full-thickness stencil wounds on sexually mature rats, 3 groups of animals, one of which was a control, n=30), a chronic experiment lasting 14 days to study the reparative effect of tamanu oil in comparison with the control and the effect of another effective and more studied drug (bepanthen), during which observation, planimetric and histological study of reparative processes, as well as statistical research methods were conducted.

Scientific novelty. The effectiveness of the use of unfractionated tamanu oil on the processes of epithelialization of skin wounds after mechanical damage was analyzed; the intensity of reparative processes under the action of tamanu oil and bepanthen was compared, and the effectiveness of the action of tamanu oil on the course of morphological changes in tissues in the presence of a wound skin defect was assessed.

Conclusions. Tamanu oil accelerates proliferative processes in the wound, which is manifested in an earlier (2-3 days compared to the control) filling of the wound defect with granulation tissue and the formation of a soft scar. The replacement of granulations with coarse-fibrous connective tissue and epithelialization of the mechanical skin defect on day 14 under the influence of tamanu oil reached almost 82 % (16.3 % more effective compared to the control); in terms of effectiveness, it is only 3.8 % inferior to the reference drug (Bepanthen). In animals that received the study drug (Tamanu oil), more complete regenerative changes were observed, as well as an anti-inflammatory effect, as evidenced by the absence of neutrophils in the focus compared to the reference drug (Bepanthen), under the action of which in some areas a pronounced lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with admixtures of neutrophils is observed.

WATER QUALITY OF HYDROLOGICAL OBJECTS OF ICHNYAN NATIONAL NATURE PARK

2025-09-09T20:14:37+03:00

Purpose of the work. To investigate the chemical and physicochemical properties of water in the hydrological objects of the Ichnianskyi National Nature Park (hereinafter referred to as Ichnianskyi NNP) and to assess the quality of the natural environment as an important prerequisite for the conservation of natural biodiversity.

Methodology. To assess the qualitative state of aquatic ecosystems, water samples were collected from the hydrological objects of the main area of the Ichnianskyi National Nature Park and the Trostianets Dendrological Park (a cluster area of the Park). In the collected samples were determined physicochemical parameters (redox potential, pH), and content of certain ions: phosphates, chlorides, total iron and nitrates. The study was carried out using photocolorimetry, nephelometry, and titration methods (acid-base and complexometric).

Scientific novelty. The study of the chemical and physicochemical properties of water in most hydrological objects of the Ichnianskyi National Nature Park has practically not been conducted until now. Analysis of water samples from hydrological sites revealed contamination of surface water bodies. Elevated concentrations of phosphates and nitrates, which cause eutrophication of water bodies, were identified, as well as excess levels of chlorides and total iron, which negatively affect the condition of aquatic ecosystems.

Conclusions. The high level of total hardness (over 8 mmol/dm³) and a significant excess of total iron concentrations (5.8–7.3 times higher than the maximum permissible levels) has been established for the hydrological objects of the Ichnianskyi National Nature Park. Aquatic vegetation (in particular, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud та Typha latifolia L.) is capable of accumulating iron compounds, which may contribute to the natural self-purification of water bodies and improve their ecological condition. To maintain ecological balance and minimize anthropogenic impact, it is necessary to conduct continuous monitoring of water quality, and implement a set of measures aimed at restoring natural ecosystems.

CLIMATE CHANGE AS A CATALYST FOR WATER CONFLICTS

2025-09-02T19:50:19+03:00

Purpose of the work. The aim of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the impact of climate change on the escalation of water conflicts at global and regional scales, with emphasis on the situation in Ukraine, the systematization of the typology of such conflicts, and the formulation of practical recommendations to prevent and mitigate their consequences through integrated water resources management.

Methodology. The study is based on a systems approach using statistical analysis of data from the Pacific Institute (Water Conflict Chronology, 2014–2024), correlation analysis of the relationship between climate anomalies (temperature and precipitation deviations) and incident frequency, comparative regional analysis and case-study reconstruction of events in Ukraine (2014–2024). Content analysis, mapping, and empirical data systematization methods were also used.

Scientific novelty. For the first time, a synthesis of quantitative incident data with climate indicators for 2014–2024 was performed, revealing a strong positive correlation between temperature anomalies and the frequency of water conflicts (r=0.89; R²=0.79); the typology of conflicts by the role of water (‘trigger’, ‘victim’, ‘weapon’) was systematized, and the Ukrainian case demonstrates the transformation of water resources into a wartime instrument.

Conclusions. Climate change acts as a powerful threat multiplier, increasing the frequency and intensity of water conflicts; regions with high water stress are most vulnerable. The study highlights the need for integrated water management systems, early-warning preventive systems, adaptive water-saving technologies, and international water diplomacy to reduce conflict escalation. Practical significance – recommendations for national water security policy and international transboundary water governance, and concrete recommendations for policymakers and practitioners.

FEATURES OF AEROSOL POLLUTION OF ATMOSPHERЕ BY PM2.5 AND PM10 PARTICLES AND THE STATE OF GREEN SPACES IN KYIV IN 2024

2025-08-26T17:20:37+03:00

Purpose of the work. The purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of aerosol air pollution in a metropolis, taking into account the spatiaal characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, relationships with weather conditions, and the impact on the condition of urban green spaces.

Methodology. The methodology combined field, laboratory, statistical and geoinformation approaches. Data sources included SaveEcoBot (seven automatic stations), Sentinel‑2 satellite imagery, QGIS vector layers, real‑time information on missile strikes, dust storms and fires, as well leaf samples from Acer platanoides, Acer negundo, Tilia cordata, Populus nigra and Robinia pseudoacacia trees collected at the observation sites.

Scientific novelty. The study is a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics and spatial distribution of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations in Kyiv in 2024, taking into account factors of military influence, dust storms and fires. For the first time, data from automated monitoring, satellite observations, and geoinformation analysis were combined. New empirical data were obtained on the level of damage of leaves under aerosol loading conditions.

Conclusions. The level of aerosol air pollution in Kyiv in 2024 demonstrated numerous short-term exceedances of the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC), caused by military shelling, dust storms and fires. Observations of urban plantations at the monitoring station sites revealed signs of stress in tree species, including chlorosis, necrosis, and pathogen-induced leaf damage. A relationship was found between the level of pollution and the morpho-physiological state of trees. The results emphasize the need for active monitoring of air quality, adaptive greening of the city and taking into account the impact of war in environmental policy. The applied approach is an effective tool for diagnosing urban ecosystems under conditions of multifactorial stress.

THE PROBLEM OF INTEGRITY OF MODERN BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH

2025-09-22T10:10:20+03:00

In the context of the need to comply with the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity, which serves the European research community as a basis for self-regulation in all scientific and academic disciplines and for all research institutions, a review of the problem of integrity in modern biomedical and environmental research was conducted.

Purpose of the work. The purpose of the paper is to highlight principles and practices for promoting integrity in modern biomedical and environmental research.

Methodology. The analysis and critical assessment of modern published works on the problem of academic integrity, a review of the level of study of the scientific problem were applied. For this, general methods of scientific knowledge are used, such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison. The critical assessment involved an assessment of the validity of the conclusions in the analyzed publications, their novelty.

Scientific novelty. The guiding principles of research integrity, particularly biomedical and environmental, are analyzed, which are the basis of a reliable scientific result. Practices to promote research integrity include the use of sound research methods, effective statistics, recording of interim results, as well as the protection of human participants in research and the humane treatment of animals. The issues of academic integrity related to the use of artificial intelligence in the research space and scientific peer review are emphasized.

Conclusions. Integrity in scientific research, including biomedical and environmental research, involves the intellectual honesty of the researcher and the application of practices aimed primarily at the use of rigorous research methods, the appropriate application of statistical models, and the control of bias, which ensures the validity of conclusions. To strengthen research integrity, concern for the quality of the research environment plays an important role. Given that AI is already creating significant challenges for the educational space, the problem of replacing research authenticity and maintaining academic integrity in the peer review process of scientific publications arises. Developing mechanisms that will prevent this requires further research.